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README
GPL-3.0

titbit

titbit是运行于服务端的Web框架,最开始是为了在教学中方便开发而设计,也用在一些业务系统上。它绝对算不上重型框架,但是也不简单过头。

有bug或是疑惑请提交issue。

它非常快,无论是路由查找还是中间件执行过程。

因为github无法正常显示图片,建议使用gitee(码云)查看文档。

码云地址

Wiki中有相关主题的说明:Wiki

Node.js的Web开发框架,同时支持HTTP/1.1和HTTP/2协议, 提供了强大的中间机制。

核心功能:

  • 请求上下文设计屏蔽接口差异。

  • 中间件模式。

  • 路由分组和命名。

  • 中间件按照路由分组执行。

  • 中间件匹配请求方法和路由来执行。

  • 开启守护进程:使用cluster模块。

  • 显示子进程负载情况。

  • 默认解析body数据。

  • 支持通过配置启用HTTP/1.1或是HTTP/2服务。

  • 支持配置启用HTTPS服务(HTTP/2服务必须要开启HTTPS)。

  • 限制请求数量。

  • 限制一段时间内单个IP的最大访问次数。

  • IP黑名单和IP白名单。

  • 在cluster模式,监控子进程超出最大内存限制则重启。

  • 可选择是否开启自动负载模式:根据负载创建新的子进程处理请求,并在空闲时恢复初始状态。

!注意

请尽可能使用最新版本。

安装

npm i titbit

兼容性

从最初发展到后来一段时间内,都尽可能保证大版本的兼容性。中间经历过多次比较大的演进,有时候次版本号演进也会有不兼容更新。从21.5+版本以后,只有大版本更新可能会有一些不兼容的更新,并给出不兼容项,请注意文档和Wiki。之后的两个小版本号更新都不会体现不兼容的更新。(在此之前,次要版本号仍然可以保证兼容性)

·重要版本改进

最小示例

'use strict'

const titbit = require('titibit')

const app = new titbit()


app.get('/', async c => {
  //data类型为string|Buffer。可以设置c.res.encoding为返回数据的编码格式,默认为'utf8'。
  c.res.body = 'success'
})

//默认监听0.0.0.0,参数和原生接口listen一致。
app.run(1234)

路由和请求类型

HTTP的起始行给出了请求类型,也被称为:请求方法。目前的请求方法:

GET POST PUT DELETE OPTIONS  TRACE HEAD PATCH

最常用的是前面5个。对于每个请求类型,router中都有同名但是小写的函数进行路由挂载。为了方便调用,在初始化app后,可以使用app上同名的快捷调用。(框架层面仅支持这些。)

示例:


'use strict';

const titbit = require('titibit');

var app = new titbit({
  debug: true
});

app.get('/', async c => {
  c.res.body = 'success';
});

app.get('/p', async c => {
  c.res.body = `${c.method} ${c.routepath}`;
});

app.post('/', async c => {
  //返回上传的数据
  c.res.body = c.body;
});

app.put('/p', async c => {
  c.res.body = {
    method : c.method,
    body : c.body,
    query : c.query
  };
});

//默认监听0.0.0.0,参数和原生接口listen一致。
app.run(8080);

获取URL参数和表单数据

'use strict';

const titbit = require('titbit');

var app = new titbit();

var {router} = app;

router.get('/q', async c => {
  //URL中?后面的查询字符串解析到query中。
  c.res.body = c.query; //返回JSON文本,主要区别在于header中content-type为text/json
});

router.post('/p', async c => {
  //POST、PUT提交的数据保存到body,如果是表单则会自动解析,否则只是保存原始文本值,
  //可以使用中间件处理各种数据。
  c.res.body = c.body;
});

app.run(2019);

send函数

send函数就是对c.res.body的包装,其实就是设置了c.res.body的值。并且支持第二个参数,作为状态码,默认为200。


app.get('/', async c => {
  c.send('success')
})

app.get('/randerr', async c => {
  let n = parseInt(Math.random() * 10)
  if (n >= 5) {
    c.send('success')
  } else {
    //返回404状态码
    /*
      等效于:
        c.status(404)
        c.res.body = 'not found'
    */
    c.send('not found', 404)
  }
})

app.run(1234)

路由参数

app.get('/:name/:id', async c => {
  //使用:表示路由参数,请求参数被解析到c.param
  let username = c.param.name;
  let uid = c.param.id;
  c.res.body = `${username} ${id}`;
});
app.run(8000);

任意路径参数

* 表示任意路径,但是必须出现在路由最后。


app.get('/static/*', async c => {
  //*表示的任意路径解析到c.param.starPath
  let spath = c.param.starPath

  c.send(spath)
})

上传文件

默认会解析上传的文件,你可以在初始化服务的时候,传递parseBody选项关闭它,关于选项后面有详细的说明。 解析后的文件数据在c.files中存储,想知道具体结构请往下看。

'use strict'

const titbit = require('titbit')

const app = new titbit()

//添加中间件过滤上传文件的大小,后面有中间件详细说明。
//第二个参数表示只针对POST请求,并且路由命名为upload-image路由执行。
app.use(async (c, next) => {

  //解析后的文件在c.files中存储,通过getFile可以方便获取文件数据。
  let upf = c.getFile('image')
  if (!upf) {
    c.res.body = 'file not found'
    return
  } else if (upf.data.length > 2000000) {
    c.res.body = 'max file size: 2M'
    return
  }

  await next()
  //指定只有POST请求,并且路由名称为upload-image才会执行此中间件。
}, {method: 'POST', name: 'upload-image'});

router.post('/upload', async c => {
  let f = c.getFile('image')
  //此函数是助手函数,makeName默认会按照时间戳生成名字,extName解析文件的扩展名。
  //let fname = `${c.helper.makeName()}${c.helper.extName(f.filename)}`

  //根据原始文件名解析扩展名并生成时间戳加随机数的唯一文件名。
  let fname = c.helper.makeName(f.filename)

  try {
    c.res.body = await c.moveFile(f, fname)
  } catch (err) {
    c.res.body = err.message
  }
  
}, 'upload-image'); //给路由命名为upload-image,可以在c.name中获取。

app.run(1234)

c.files数据结构

这种结构是根据HTTP协议上传文件时的数据构造设计的,HTTP协议允许同一个上传名有多个文件,所以要解析成一个数组。而使用getFile默认情况只返回第一个文件,因为多数情况只是一个上传名对应一个文件。

对于前端来说,上传名就是你在HTML中表单的name属性:<input type="file" name="image"> image是上传名,不要把上传名和文件名混淆。


{
  "image" : [
    {
      'content-type': CONTENT_TYPE,
      filename: ORIGIN_FILENAME,
      start : START,
      end   : END,
      length: LENGTH
    },
    ...
  ],

  "video" : [
    {
      'content-type': CONTENT_TYPE,  //文件类型
      filename: ORIGIN_FILENAME //原始文件名
      start : START, //ctx.rawBody开始的索引位置
      end   : END,   //ctx.rawBody结束的索引位置
      length: LENGTH,  //文件长度,字节数
    },
    ...
  ]
}

c.getFile就是通过名称索引,默认索引值是0,如果是一个小于0的数字,则会获取整个文件数组,没有返回null。

中间件

中间件是一个很有用的模式,不同语言实现起来多少还是有些区别的,但是本质上没有区别。中间件的运行机制允许开发者更好的组织代码,方便实现复杂的逻辑需求。事实上,整个框架的运行机制都是中间件模式。

中间件图示:

此框架的中间件在设计层面上,按照路由分组区分,也可以识别不同请求类型,确定是否执行还是跳过到下一层,所以速度非常快,而且多个路由和分组都具备自己的中间件,相互不冲突,也不会有无意义的调用。参考形式如下:


/*
  第二个参数可以不填写,表示全局开启中间件。
  现在第二个参数表示:只对POST请求方法才会执行,并且路由分组必须是/api。
  基于这样的设计,可以保证按需执行,不做太多无意义的操作。
*/
app.add(async (c, next) => {
    console.log('before');
    await next();
    console.log('after');
}, {method: 'POST', group: '/api'});

使用add添加的中间件是按照添加顺序逆序执行,这是标准的洋葱模型。为了提供容易理解的逻辑,提供use接口添加中间件,使用use添加的中间件按照添加顺序执行。不同的框架对实现顺序的逻辑往往会不同,但是顺序执行更符合开发者习惯。

建议你最好只使用use来添加中间件:

//先执行
app.use(async (c, next) => {
  let start_time = Date.now()
  await next()
  let end_time = Date.now()
  console.log(end_time - start_time)
})

//后执行
app.use(async (c, next) => {
  console.log(c.method, c.path)
  await next()
})

//use可以级联: app.use(m1).use(m2)
//在21.5.4版本以后,不过这个功能其实根本不重要
//因为有titbit-loader扩展,实现的功能要强大的多。

titbit完整的流程图示

中间件参数

使用use或者pre接口添加中间件,还支持第二个参数,可以进行精确的控制,传递选项属性:

  • group 路由分组,表示针对哪个分组执行。

  • method 请求方法,可以是字符串或数组,必须大写。

  • name 请求名称,表示只针对此请求执行。

示例:


app.get('/xyz', async c => {
  //...
  //路由分组命名为proxy
}, {group: 'proxy'})

app.use(proxy, {
  method : ['PUT', 'POST', 'GET', 'DELETE', 'OPTIONS'],
  //针对路由分组proxy的请求执行。
  group : 'proxy'
})

pre 在接收body数据之前

使用pre接口添加的中间件和use添加的主要区别就是会在接收body数据之前执行。可用于在接收数据之前的权限过滤操作。其参数和use一致。

为了一致的开发体验,你可以直接使用use接口,只需要在选项中通过pre指定:

let setbodysize = async (c, next) => {
    //设定body最大接收数据为~10k。
    c.maxBody = 10000;
    await next();
};

//等效于app.pre(setbodysize);
app.use(setbodysize, {pre: true});

使用pre可以进行更复杂的处理,并且可以拦截并不执行下一层,比如titbit-toolkit扩展的proxy模块利用这个特性直接实现了高性能的代理服务,但是仅仅作为框架的一个中间件。其主要操作就是在这一层,直接设置了request的data事件来接收数据,并作其他处理,之后直接返回。

配置选项

应用初始化,完整的配置选项如下

  {
    //此配置表示POST/PUT提交表单的最大字节数,也是上传文件的最大限制。
    maxBody   : 8000000,

    //最大解析的文件数量
    maxFiles      : 12,

    daemon        : false, //开启守护进程

    /*
      开启守护进程模式后,如果设置路径不为空字符串,则会把pid写入到此文件,可用于服务管理。
    */
    pidFile       : '',

    //是否开启全局日志,true表示开启,这时候会把请求信息输出或者写入到文件
    globalLog: false,

    //日志输出方式:stdio表示输出到终端,file表示输出到文件
    logType : 'stdio',

    //正确请求日志输出的文件路径
    logFile : '',

    //错误请求日志输出的文件路径
    errorLogFile : '',

    //自定义日志处理函数
    logHandle: null,

    //开启HTTPS
    https       : false,

    http2   : false,

    //HTTPS密钥和证书的文件路径,如果设置了路径,则会自动设置https为true。
    key   : '',
    cert  : '',

    //服务器选项都写在server中,在初始化http服务时会传递,参考http2.createSecureServer、tls.createServer
    server : {
      handshakeTimeout: 8192, //TLS握手连接(HANDSHAKE)超时
      //sessionTimeout: 350,
    },

    //设置服务器超时,毫秒单位,在具体的请求中,可以再设置请求的超时。
    timeout   : 18000,

    debug     : false,

    //忽略路径末尾的 /
    ignoreSlash: true,

    //启用请求限制
    useLimit: false,

    //最大连接数,0表示不限制
    maxConn : 1024,

    //单个IP单位时间内的最大连接数,0表示不限制
    maxIPRequest: 0,

    //单位时间,默认为1秒
    peerTime : 1,
    
    //展示负载信息,需要通过daemon接口开启cluster集群模式
    showLoadInfo : true,

    //负载信息的类型,text 、json、--null
    //json类型是给程序通信使用的,方便接口开发
    loadInfoType : 'text',

    //负载信息的文件路径,如果不设置则输出到终端,否则保存到文件
    loadInfoFile : '',

    //404要返回的数据
    notFound: 'Not Found',
    
    //400要返回的数据
    badRequest : 'Bad Request',

    //控制子进程最大内存使用量的百分比参数,范围从-0.42 ~ 0.36。基础数值是0.52,所以默认值百分比为80%。
    memFactor: 0.28,

    //url最大长度
    maxUrlLength: 2048,

    //请求上下文缓存池最大数量。
    maxpool: 4096,

    //子进程汇报资源信息的定时器毫秒数。
    monitorTimeSlice: 640,

    //在globalLog为true时,全局日志是否记录真实的IP地址,主要用在反向代理模式下。
    realIP: false,

  };
  // 对于HTTP状态码,在这里仅需要这两个,其他很多是可以不必完整支持,并且你可以在实现应用时自行处理。
  // 因为一旦能够开始执行,就可以通过运行状态返回对应的状态码。
  // 而在这之前,框架还在为开始执行洋葱模型做准备,不过此过程非常快。

请求上下文

请求上下文就是一个封装了各种请求数据的对象。通过这样的设计,把HTTP/1.1 和 HTTP/2协议的一些差异以及Node.js版本演进带来的一些不兼容做了处理,出于设计和性能上的考虑,对于HTTP2模块,封装请求对象是stream,而不是http模块的IncomingMessage和ServerResponse(封装对象是request和response)。

请求上下文属性和基本描述

属性 描述
version 协议版本,字符串类型,为'1.1' 或 '2'。
major 协议主要版本号,1、2、3分别表示HTTP/1.1 HTTP/2 HTTP/3(目前还没有3)。
maxBody 支持的最大请求体字节数,数字类型,默认为初始化时,传递的选项maxBody的值,可以在中间件中根据请求自动设定。
method 请求类型,GET POST等HTTP请求类型,大写字母的字符串。
host 服务的主机名,就是request.headers['host']的值。
protocol 协议字符串,不带冒号,'https'、'http'、'http2'。
path 具体请求的路径。
routepath 实际执行请求的路由字符串。
query url传递的参数。
param 路由参数。
files 上传文件保存的信息。
body body请求体的数据,具体格式需要看content-type,一般为字符串或者对象,也可能是buffer。
port 客户端请求的端口号。
ip 客户端请求的IP地址,是套接字的地址,如果使用了代理服务器,需要检测x-real-ip或是x-forwarded-for消息头获取真正的IP。
headers 指向request.headers。
isUpload 是否为上传文件请求,此时就是检测消息头content-type是否为multipart/form-data格式。
name 路由名称,默认为空字符串。
group 路由分组,默认为空字符串。
reply HTTP/1.1协议,指向response,HTTP/2 指向stream。
request HTTP/1.1 就是http模块request事件的参数IncomingMessage对象,HTTP/2 指向stream对象。
response HTTP/1.1 是http模块的request事件的第二个参数response对象。HTTP/2没有此属性。
box 默认为空对象,可以添加任何属性值,用来动态传递给下一层组件需要使用的信息。
service 用于依赖注入的对象,指向app.service。
res 一个对象包括encoding、body属性,用来暂存返回数据的编码和具体数据。
helper 指向helper模块,提供了一些助手函数,具体参考wiki。
send 函数,用来设置res.body的数据并支持第二个参数作为状态码,默认状态码为200。
moveFile 函数,用来移动上传的文件到指定路径。
status 函数,设置状态码。
setHeader 函数,设置消息头。
getFile 函数,获取上传的文件信息,其实就是读取files属性的信息。

注意:send函数只是设置ctx.res.body属性的值,在最后才会返回数据。和直接进行ctx.res.body赋值没有区别,只是因为函数调用如果出错会更快发现问题,而设置属性值写错了就是添加了一个新的属性,不会报错但是请求不会返回正确的数据。

依赖注入

请求上下文中有一项是service,指向的是app.service。当初始化app后,一切需要开始就初始化好的数据、实例等都可以挂载到app.service。


'use strict';

const titbit = require('titbit');

var app = new titbit({
  debug: true
});

//有则会覆盖,没有则添加。
app.addService('name', 'first');
app.addService('data', {
  id : 123,
  ip : '127.0.0.1'
});

/*
这可能看不出什么作用,毕竟在一个文件中,直接访问变量都可以,如果要做模块分离,就变得非常重要了。
*/
app.get('/info', async c => {

  c.res.body = {
    name : c.service.name,
    data : c.service.data
  };

});

app.run(1234);

daemon和run

run接口的参数为:port、host。host默认为0.0.0.0。还可以是sockPath,就是.sock文件路径,本质上是因为http的listen接口支持。使用.sock,host就被忽略了。

daemon的前两个参数和run一致,支持第三个参数是一个数字,表示要使用多少个子进程处理请求。默认为0,这时候会自动根据CPU核心数量创建子进程。之后,会保持子进程数量的稳定,在子进程意外终止后会创建新的子进程补充。

cluster模式,最多子进程数量不会超过CPU核心数量的2倍。

示例:


//host默认为0.0.0.0,端口1234
app.run(1234)

//监听localhost,只能本机访问
app.run(1234, 'localhost')

//使用两个子进程处理请求,host默认为0.0.0.0
app.daemon(1234, 2)

//使用3个子进程处理请求
app.daemon(1234, 'localhost', 3)

日志

框架本身提供了全局日志功能,当使用cluster模式时(使用daemon接口运行服务),使用初始化选项globoalLog可以开启全局日志,并且可以指定日志文件,在单进程模式,会把日志输出到终端,此时利用输出重定向和错误输出重定向仍然可以把日志保存到文件。

除了保存到文件和输出到终端进行调试,还可以利用logHandle选项设置自己的日志处理函数。

设置了logHandle,logFile和errorLogFile会失效,具体请看代码。

示例:


const titbit = require('titbit')

const app = new titbit({
  debug: true,
  //全局日志开启
  globalLog: true,

  //表示输出到文件,默认为stdio表示输出到终端。
  logType: 'file'

  //返回状态码为2xx或者3xx
  logFile : '/tmp/titbit.log',

  //错误的日志输出文件,返回状态码4xx或者5xx
  errorLogFile: '/tmp/titbit-error.log',

  //自定义处理函数,此时logFile和errorLogFile会失效。
  //接收参数为(worker, message)
  //worker具体参考cluster的worker文档
  /*
    msg为日志对象,属性:
      {
        type : '_log',
        success : true,
        log : '@ GET | https://localhost:2021/randst | 200 | 2020-10-31 20:27:7 | 127.0.0.1 | User-Agent'
      }
  */
  logHandle : (w, msg) => {
    console.log(w.id, msg)
  }

})

app.daemon(1234, 3)

使用中间件的方式处理日志和全局日志并不冲突,而如果要通过中间件进行日志处理会无法捕获没有路由返回404的情况,因为框架会先查找路由,没有则会返回。这时候,不会有请求上下文的创建,直接返回请求,避免无意义的操作。

而且,这样的方式其实更加容易和cluster模式结合,因为在内部就是利用master和worker的通信机制实现的。

消息事件处理

基于message事件,在daemon模式(基于cluster模块),提供了一个setMsgEvent函数用于获取子进程发送的事件消息并进行处理。

这要求worker进程发送的消息必须是一个对象,其中的type属性是必需的,表示消息事件的名称。其他字段的数据皆可以自定义。

使用方式如下:


const titbit = require('titbit')
const cluster = require('cluster')

const app = new titbit({
  debug: true,
  loadInfoFile: '/tmp/loadinfo.log'
})

if (cluster.isMaster) {
  app.setMsgEvent('test-msg', (worker, msg, handle) => {
    //子进程中会通过message事件收到消息
    worker.send({
      id : worker.id,
      data : 'ok'
    })

    console.log(msg)
  })
} else {
  //接收worker.send发送的消息
  process.on('message', msg => {
    console.log(msg)
  })

  setIneterval(() => {
    process.send({
      type : 'test-msg',
      pid : process.pid,
      time : (new Date()).toLocaleString()
    })
  }, 1000)

}

让服务自动调整子进程数量

通过daemon传递的参数作为基本的子进程数量,比如:


//使用2个子进程处理请求。
app.daemon(1234, 2)

如果需要自动根据负载创建子进程,并在负载空闲时终止进程,维持基本的数量,可以使用autoWorker接口来设置一个最大值,表示最大允许多少个子进程处理请求,这个值必须要比基本的子进程数量大才会生效。


//最大使用9个子进程处理请求。
app.autoWorker(9)

//...

app.daemon(1234, 2)

当负载过高时,会自动创建子进程,并且在空闲一段时间后,会自动终止连接数量为0的子进程,恢复到基本的数值。

此功能在v21.9.6+版本可用。

其他

  • titbit在运行后,会有一个最后包装的中间件做最终的处理,所以设置c.res.body的值就会返回数据,默认会检测一些简单的文本类型并自动设定content-type(text/plain,text/html,text/xml,text/json)。注意这是在你没有设置content-type的情况下进行。

  • 默认会限制url的最大长度,也会根据硬件情况设定一个最大内存使用率。

  • 这一切你都可以通过配置选项或是中间件来进行扩展和重写,既有限制也有自由。

  • 它很快,并且我们一直在都在关注优化。如果你需要和其他对比测试,请都添加多个中间件,并且都添加上百个路由,然后测试对比。

  • 提供了一个sched函数用来快速设置cluster模式的调度方式,支持参数为'rr'或'none',本质就是设置cluster.schedulingPolicy的值。

框架在初始化会自动检测内存大小并设定相关上限,你可以在初始化后,通过更改secure中的属性来更改限制,这需要你使用daemon接口,也就是使用master管理子进程的模式。


var app = new titbit();

//最大内存设定为500M,但是只有在连接数为0时才会自动重启。
//这个值和diemem都是针对heap(堆)的。
app.secure.maxmem = 500000000;

//必须要重启的最大内存上限设定为600M
//这个值一般要比maxmem大,当内存使用超过maxmem设置的值,
//但是连接不为0,这时候如果继续请求超过diemem设置的值,则会直接重启进程。
app.secure.diemem = 600000000;

//最大内存使用设置为2G
//注意这是总的内存使用,包括你用Buffer申请的内存。

let workers = 2;
app.secure.maxrss = 2000000000 * workers;

app.get('/', async c => {
  c.send('ok');
})

app.daemon(8008, workers);

注意,这需要你开启showLoadInfo选项,这是默认开启的,除非你设置为false

在服务始化时,会根据系统的可用内存来进行自动的设置,除非你必须要自己控制,否则最好是使用默认的配置。

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It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: <program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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titbit是node.js环境的Web后端框架,支持HTTP/HTTPS/HTTP2,并且支持配置切换。提供中间件和分组机制。并提供很多扩展用于快速构建服务。 展开 收起
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