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README
GPL-2.0

Hare

hare是一个基于pymysql并运用ActiveRecord模式的ORM框架, 在虚拟环境下,通过:

pip install hare

即可安装。

当前,它只支持:

MySQL

动机

在Python下进行数据库操作, 大体有两种方法:

1、使用raw sql
2、使用ORM

Raw SQL

python中常用的raw sql工具是:

MySQLdb
PyMySQL

使用raw sql的好处是:

给予开发人员极大的自由,让开发人员知道具体要执行的sql,方便sql优化

坏处是麻烦

写起来麻烦、影响开发速度;维护起来也麻烦

ORM

python中用的最广的ORM是SQLAlchemyPeewee.

使用ORM的好处是:

写起来方便,维护方便

坏处是:

对开发人员透明、不利于sql优化;
主流的ORM学习成本高,对于一般的中小型项目而言,用不到那么到功能,如SQLAlchemy

此外, pythonORM框架的使用哲学是:

需要要手动的在类中配置字段和对应类型, 然后使用ORM去自动创建对应的table。

而开发人员的哲学是:

手动使用sql建表、然后再去创建对应的ORM。

那么, 比较下来,就产生了新的需求: 实现一个ORM,满足下列要求:

1、方便ORM和数据库表之间的映射、最好不用在ORM中声明字段
2、支持raw sql
3、不需要实现复杂的API(太复杂的,可以直接通过raw sql实现)
4、支持事务(声明式、命令式)

很容易想到, 使用Active Record的方式实现一个ORM,满足上述条件

于是就实现了一个名为Hare的ORM.Hare的意思是野兔, 希望进行python的db操作时,像兔子一样快。

参考框架

在设计和实现Hare的过程中,参考了Flask框架和jFinal框架的设计。

jFinal

jFinal是一种轻量的java web框架;设计和实现Hare的过程中,借鉴了它的一些设计思想:

自动获取表结构

jFinal在启动的时候,根据ORM对应的表名,通过MySQLINFORMATION_SCHEMA取获取表结构; Hare也通过此方式来获取。

Flask

Flask是一种轻量的python web框架;设计和实现Hare的过程中,借鉴了它的一些设计思想:

将框架对象化

flask中,通过:

app = Flask(__name__)

的方式来建立一个应用对象, 并在该对象中存储相关路由、处理器等信息;

Hare中, 采用类似方式,通过:

haredb = Hare(host='localhost', user='root',
          password='*****', db='test',
          charset='utf8')

来创建一个数据源对象, 存放数据操作所需的一切信息。

装饰器

flask中,使用装饰器的方式,来定义路由处理:

@app.route('/home', methods=['GET'])
def home():
    pass

Hare也使用装饰器来定义定义数据模型类和表之间的映射关系,并存储, 如下:

@haredb.table('user')
class User(haredb.Model):
    pass

User类和user表对应起来.

同时,Hare中的事务也可以通过装饰器来实现:

@haredb.tx
def func(...):
    ...

使用

数据库的"库->表->字段",是一种层次分明的结构。Hare也基于此。

用户提供数据库的连接配置,就对应了一个数据源,也就是Database;

haredb = Hare(
        host='localhost', user='root',
        password='********', db='test',
        charset='utf8')

假设在test数据库中已经创建了一个user表:

USER_TABLE = """CREATE TABLE `user` (
              `uid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
              `nickname` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
              `email` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
              PRIMARY KEY (`uid`)
            ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=59 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8"""

通过装饰器来声明这个数据库下有哪些表(添加一个名是user的table,对应的模型是User):

@haredb.table('user')
class User(haredb.Model):
    pass

那么:

完整的用例如下

#! -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import absolute_import
import logging
from traceback import format_exc
from hare import Hare

# 创建一个Hare对象, 作为数据源
# 会使用默认的logger来记录执行的sql
haredb = Hare(
    host='localhost', user='root',
    password='********', db='test',
    charset='utf8')
    
# 创建一个自定义logger的数据源
logger = logging.getLogger('hare')
logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
haredb = Hare(
    host='localhost', user='root',
    password='********', db='test',
    charset='utf8',
    logger=logger)

# 将user表和User类绑定
@haredb.table('user')
class User(haredb.Model):
    pass
    
# 获取所有的表名
# 返回['user']
print haredb.tables

 
# 获取User类对应的table对象
table = User.table

# 输出表名称
print table.name

# 清空User表
table.truncate()

# 判断字段是否属于该表
print table.is_column('uid')
print table.is_column('uid_not_exists')

# 新建一条记录
u = User()
u.set_many(**{'nickname': 'haha', 'email': 'a@q.com'}).save()

# 获取主键
print u.uid

# 获取一条记录
u = User.get(uid=1)

# 修改字段的值
u.nickname = 'new name'
u.update()

# 删除该对象
u.delete()

# 获取所有的用户记录
# 每个元素是个dict
users = User.select_many()

# 查询符合条件的所有记录
# 每个元素是个dict
users = User.select_many(email='a@q.com')

# 分页查询User表
pagination = User.paginate(params={'nickname': ('is not', None)}, page=1, per_page=10)
print pagination.items

# 获取一条数据库连接
dbi = haredb.dbi

# 执行row sql
# 一条记录
users = dbi.select(u'SELECT * FROM user WHERE uid = 10')
# 多条记录
users = dbi.select_many(u'SELECT * FROM user WHERE uid > 10')
# 执行写操作
dbi.modify(u'DELETE FROM user WHERE uid = %s', 1)
# 批量写操作
rows = [{'nickname': 'test', 'email': 'test@qq.com'}]
dbi.modify_many(u'INSERT INTO user(nickname, email) VALUES(%(nickname)s, %(email)s)', rows)

# 执行事务
@haredb.tx
def save_user():
    user = User().set_many(**{'nickname': 'test2'})
    user.save()
    # 1/0 取消注释该行,则保存失败
    
# 执行事务的另外一种方式
def save_user2():
    user = User().set_many(**{'nickname': 'test2'})
    user.save()
    # 1/0 取消注释该行,则保存失败

with haredb.get_tx() as tx:
    try:
        save_user2()
    except:
        logging.error(format_exc())
        tx.rollback()
    else:
        tx.commit()
print User.select_many()

API

doc/api.md

个人博客

bingtel-木犹如此

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基于ActiveRecord模式的ORM,底层使用pymysql 展开 收起
Python
GPL-2.0
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