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README
Apache-2.0

设计表结构

使用 https://dbdiagram.io 设计

安装docker

docker pull postgres:alpine
docker run --name postgres -p 5432:5432 -e POSTGRES_USER=root -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret -d postgres:alpine
docker exec -it postgres psql -U root
docker logs postgres

docker rm 不能与-d一起用

安装TablePlus

迁移数据库

go get -u -d github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/cmd/migrate
migrate create -ext sql -dir .\db\migrations -seq InitDatabase
# postgres创建数据库
createdb --username=root --owner=root simple_bank
dropdb simple_bank
# driver postgres://user:password@host:port/dbname?query
migrate -path db/migrations -database "postgres://root:123456@localhost:5432/simple_bank?sslmode=disable" up

操作数据库

  • database/sql

    原生操作数据库

  • gorm

    关系映射操作

  • sqlx

  • sqlc

安装sqlc

go install github.com/kyleconroy/sqlc/cmd/sqlc@latest
# sqlc 只能在linux上生成,可以采用wsl
sqlc init # 生成yaml配置文件

sqlc配置文件

version: 1
packages:
  - path: "db/sqlc"
    name: "db"
    engine: "postgresql"
    schema: "db/migrations"
    queries: "db/query"
    emit_json_tags: true
    emit_prepared_queries: false
    emit_interface: false
    emit_exact_table_names: false

编写query sql, 运行sqlc generate

单元测试

测试的入口是TestMain, database/sql提供操作接口

go get -u github.com/lib/pq
go get -u github.com/strechr/testify

事务

BEGIN;
COMMIT;
BEGIN;
ROLLBACK;
SELECT * FROM account WHERE id = 1 FOR UPDATE; -- 事务之间会阻塞查询
-- 阻塞查询会导致无差别查询停止
-- 查询被阻塞的语句
SELECT blocked_locks.pid     AS blocked_pid,
       blocked_activity.usename  AS blocked_user,
       blocking_locks.pid     AS blocking_pid,
       blocking_activity.usename AS blocking_user,
       blocked_activity.query    AS blocked_statement,
       blocking_activity.query   AS current_statement_in_blocking_process
FROM  pg_catalog.pg_locks         blocked_locks
        JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocked_activity  ON blocked_activity.pid = blocked_locks.pid
        JOIN pg_catalog.pg_locks         blocking_locks
             ON blocking_locks.locktype = blocked_locks.locktype
               AND blocking_locks.database IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.database
               AND blocking_locks.relation IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.relation
               AND blocking_locks.page IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.page
               AND blocking_locks.tuple IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.tuple
               AND blocking_locks.virtualxid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.virtualxid
               AND blocking_locks.transactionid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.transactionid
               AND blocking_locks.classid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.classid
               AND blocking_locks.objid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objid
               AND blocking_locks.objsubid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objsubid
               AND blocking_locks.pid != blocked_locks.pid

        JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocking_activity ON blocking_activity.pid = blocking_locks.pid
WHERE NOT blocked_locks.granted;

有外键关联的依赖表会阻塞事务下的主表查询 查询时,忽略键值更新

SELECT * FROM accounts WHERE id = 1 FOR NO KEY UPDATE;

无缓冲的channel需要保持入队与出队的顺序 造成数据库死锁:

  1. 外键约束导致死锁
  2. 对两个账户交替操作导致死锁

数据隔离级别

低级别的隔离导致读现象

  • 脏读

    一个事务读取到其他事务未提交的数据

  • 不可重复读

    一个事务读取相同行,但是两次获取数值不一样,值的不同是因为被其他事务提交后修改

  • 幻读 由于事务提交,导致新增,重复执行查询得到不同数据集

  • 序列错误

数据隔离标准

  • 读未提交的数据

    可以看到未提交事务的数据

  • 读提交的数据

    只能看到事务提交后的数据

  • 重复读

    相同查询返回相同的结果

  • 可序列 事务之间都是顺序的,不存在每个事务之间操作重叠

设置数据隔离级别

  • mysql mysql默认为不可重复读
SELECT @@transaction_isolation;
SELECT @@global.transaction_isolation;
set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted | read committted | repeatable read | serializable;

read uncommited
其他会话可以读取到没有提交的修改数据
read commited
避免脏读,会话不读取读取其他会话未提交的数据
repeatable read
其他会话的修改提交,不影响当前会话,查询结果保持一致,但是如果在当前会话修改,会叠加其他事务修改的结果
serializable
事务之间的操作都是序列的,每次只允许执行一个操作,事务重试机制,容易发生死锁
postgres

show transaction isolation level; -- 默认 read commited
-- 只能在begin范围内设置
set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted | read committted | repeatable read | serializable;

postgres read uncommitted 不可脏读 postgres repeatable read 可以同时插入相同行 postgres 使用依赖关系检查冲突,避免重复新增,mysql 使用锁机制

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