Geospatial analysis software has a few prominent strains:

• Esri & other closed-source, proprietary libraries
• Open source libraries in the lineage of JTS

Python

• Shapely is a friendly Python binding to GEOS
• geopandas is a layer on top of Shapely and Fiona for PostGIS-like tasks

C++

• GEOS is a port of JTS to C++

JavaScript

• jsts is a port of JTS to JavaScript

Java

• JTS

Go

• gogeos is a Go binding to GEOS
• go.geo is a pure-Go implementation of some geometry operations and primitives

Postgres

• PostGIS provides geospatial operations within the Postgres database. Advanced operations rely on GEOS.